We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum … of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the …

We propose a test of bias based upon patterns of judicial errors. We model the trial court as minimizing a weighted sum … of type I and II errors. We define racial bias a situation where the weight depends on defendant/victim race. If the …

This paper proposes a test of racial bias in capital sentencing based upon patterns of judicial errors in lower courts … that of letting a guilty defendant free. We define racial bias as a situation where the relative weight on the two types of … between 1973 and 1995. We find robust evidence of bias against minority defendants who killed white victims: in Direct Appeal …

. Longer prison sentences further isolate offenders from the legitimate labor force and may promote the formation of criminal … Seattle, Washington. Offenders who plead guilty are randomly assigned to a sentencing judge, which leads to random differences …

serious crime more than white arrestees. The racial discrepancy is greater for agencies serving cities with higher per …