investment in Nigeria. We use the data that covers the period from 1970 to 2019. Our results, based on the ARDL method, show that … military spending only crowds-out private investment in the short run. In the long run, military spending crowds in private … investment. The results are robust to the use of alternative estimation methods. Specifically, IRF results show that military …

Private investment in Malaysia has been sluggish since the Asian financial crisis. One explanation is that the growing … presence of government-linked corporations (GLCs) has been crowding out private investment. For the first time, we provide … empirical evidence on the relationship between GLC presence and private investment. We find that when GLCs are dominant in an …