countries over the period 1898-1903. Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), a standard methodology in modern productivity … studies, we find no evidence for significant productivity differences on average, although there was a much larger variance in … productivity laggards. …

We consider the impact of non-violent religious conflict on firm-level productivity. We zoom in on a Protestant and … provide plausibly causal evidence that religious conflict hampered firm-level productivity. Examining the mechanism, we … proceed to demonstrate that the reduction in productivity is due to the religious conflict rather than whether or not the …

experts may impact on the productivity and wages of domestic firms. Using matched worker-firm data from Denmark and a …