used to build user profiles and infer preferences. We quantify the extent to which Facebook can track web behavior outside … of their own platform. The network of engagement buttons, placed on third-party websites, lets Facebook follow users as … they browse the web. Tracking users outside its core platform enables Facebook to build shadow profiles. For a …

Society is becoming increasingly dependent on data-rich, "Big Tech" platforms and social networks, such as Facebook and … received only limited attention to date. In this article, we use the hypothetical failure of Facebook as a case study to …