of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … punish, which in turn reduces the deterrence effect of high fines. Using a laboratory experiment, we identify these effects …

bear a higher burden of punishment costs than non-police subjects. When the norm enforcement institution is endogenous, all … subjects vote more in favor of rewards over sanctions, but police subjects with some work experience are more likely to vote …

, even if punishment is costly. However, these studies focus on situations where there is no uncertainty about others …' behavior. We investigate punishment in a world with “reasonable doubt” about others' contributions. Interestingly, people … level of a setting without punishment. Our findings suggest that sufficient information accuracy about others' behavior is …

, even if punishment is costly. However, these studies focus on situations where there is no uncertainty about others …' behavior. We investigate punishment in a world with “reasonable doubt” about others' contributions. Interestingly, people … some non-trivial degree of noise, punishment (1) cannot maintain high contributions and (2) reduces welfare even below the …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … punish, which in turn reduces the deterrence effect of high fines. Using a laboratory experiment, we identify these effects …

bear a higher burden of punishment costs than non-police subjects. When the norm enforcement institution is endogenous, all … subjects vote more in favor of rewards over sanctions, but police subjects with some work experience are more likely to vote …