In scarcity markets, corporations use to consider the overall market demand as a group of homogeneous buyers. In controlled competition markets, companies stimulate non homogenous demand reactions to competitive supplies, by segmenting market demand. In over-supply markets, where instability is...

Keynes introduces the term 'effective demand' in chapter 3 of the General Theory as designating the point of intersection of two functions: the 'aggregate demand function' (D) and the 'aggregate supply function' (Z). For the first time in the literature, I here specify exact functional forms for...