cities from the late 13th century. The empirical analysis of the paper is based on newly compiled long-run data for the … existence of different types of PPIs in 104 cities in the Holy Roman Empire. The effect of both an overall index of …

effects of direct democracy. Town meetings (popular assemblies) replace local councils in small German municipalities below a … specific population threshold. Difference-in-differences, RD and event study estimates consistently show that direct democracy …% under direct democracy. We do not find that business tax rates change. Direct democracy allows citizens to design tax …

effects of direct democracy. Town meetings (popular assemblies) replace local councils in small German municipalities below a … specific population threshold. Difference-in-differences, RD and event study estimates consistently show that direct democracy …% under direct democracy. We do not find that business tax rates change. Direct democracy allows citizens to design tax …

We examine the role of democracy shocks in the cross-country economic growth processes over a period of five decades … investigation. We study if (i) a shock to democracy in one country triggers institutional reforms and growth upsurge in the … neighbouring countries, and (ii) the magnitude and direction of response to democracy shocks are contingent upon income pathways of …

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address the importance of conversing within cities, organizations and beyond … to European cities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper brings examples and case studies of how the concepts of … conversing cities has been and is being integrated into existing cities focusing on the future – youth, employment, education and …