, and also explores how YouTube election campaigning differs from traditional television advertising. Using a sample of over … 3,000 YouTube videos from 72 parties running in 13 national-level elections, I find evidence that proportional election … systems lead to more positive election campaigns, whereas weak parties tend to produce more negative videos. I also find that …

significant effect in the pre-election year. In addition, we found evidence suggesting that though democracy significantly lowers … results of the system GMM revealed that the fiscal deficit is significantly large in election years and the deficit spending … spills into the year after the election, though not as high as in the election year. We could not, however, find a …