Mali long seemed a model, low-income democracy. Yet, in a few short weeks in early 2012, more than half of the …

Mali long seemed a model, low-income democracy. Yet, in a few short weeks in early 2012, more than half of the … reducing several of the underlying, structural constraints that were to prove the country's undoing in 2012. -- Mali …

The legitimacy of not just “democracy” but of the African State itself, is challenged by the crisis in Mali, The crisis … North Mali, and the return of the French Foreign Legion to the Sahara after 54 years of Malian Independence. Why did the … Malian State collapse in 2012? Were the various Tuareg "revolts" in North Mali a symptom of State failure, rather than its …

Mali and Guinea Bissau in 2012, and The Gambia in 2017. This paper distinctively compares ECOWAS mandates authorizing … interventions in Mali, Guinea Bissau and The Gambia to understand the evolution of regional peace keeping and enforcement … initiatives. The findings suggest that ECOWAS intervention in Mali, Guinea Bissau and The Gambia is a new model of coercion in …