comparative advantage leads to gains from trade. If political conflict leads to a diminution of trade, then at least a portion of … the costs of conflict can be measured by a nation's lost gains from trade. The greater two nations' gains from trade the … more costly is bilateral (dyadic) conflict. This notion forms the basis of Baron de Montesquieu's assertion regarding …

paper focuses on this endogeneity concern. Using a worldwide survey of 165 country-specific democracy experts conducted for …This article challenges recent findings that democracy has sizable effects on economic growth. As extensive political … these more exogenous democratizations strongly indicates that democracy does not cause growth. Consequently, the common …