We study competition in the German interurban bus industry two years after its liberalization in January 2013. In … of market power by incumbents – and derive several recommendations to secure effective competition in the industry. …

of regulation on R&D investment. Nearing competition has a dampening effect on R&D spending, but once the market and … regulatory framework conditions have been established, higher levels of competition positively influence R&D. Our results further … indicate that the relation between competition and innovative investment can be described as inverted U-shaped. Finally, we …

experiences in other areas suggesting that competition could provide large benefits to hitherto regulated utilities in local …