The European Commission has launched a number of antitrust investigations against the major energy incumbents in the aftermath of the energy sector inquiry. Most of them have already been settled under Article 9 of the EC Regulation 1/2003 and the undertakings offered far-reaching, sometimes...

Unlike other industries, significant changes in the airline industry have not mainly occurred due to technological changes, but rather as a result of developments in the applicable legal framework and various institutional reforms. As a consequence of the deregulation wave which dates back to...

The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) released its Digital Platform Services Inquiry, Interim Report No. 5 (Regulatory Reform) in September 2022. In December 2022, the Australian Treasury requested comments on the report. The ACCC Report recommends, inter alia, several...

Section 1 summarizes the development of competition advocacy in the public sector/“public advocacy” in Brazil (GUIMARAES 2015). Section 2 highlights the problem/lack of effectiveness of SEAE competition advocacy nonbinding opinions, and reports significant stakeholder engagement addressing...

The existing restraints in the liberal professions field have been the subject of analysis and intervention of competition authority for years. Characterized by specific forms of professional practice from offices, chambers, individually or associated in professional civil companies,...