a more liberal access to citizenship can improve the economic integration of immigrants. Our analysis relies on two …, we exploit discontinuities in the reforms' eligibility rules. Between 1991 and 1999, adolescents could obtain citizenship … performance. Based on the eligibility rules, we find few returns of citizenship for men, but substantial returns for women …

differentiating between actual and planned citizenship. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we measure the impact that integration … characteristics. A robust finding is that German citizenship is very valuable to female immigrants and the generally better educated … on citizenship acquisition. While a longer residence in Germany has a negative influence on actual or future …