, I use historical shifts in the school year schedule in Germany, which substantially shortened the duration of the … affected school years without adjusting the core curriculum. The loss of classroom instruction was mainly compensated for by …

-service cognitive and pedagogical skills as measured by two state examinations and the high-school GPA on later effectiveness. I apply …

, structuring of school classes and educational achievement in secondary school. For educational attainment, there was an increase … in achievement at the end of elementary school and greater equality of achievement at the transition without an increase … in social inequality. The structuring of school classes showed a decoupling of cognitive and social segregation. And for …

In Germany and many other countries, students are tracked into various secondary school types. This paper studies …. The reform replaced parents choice about their children s secondary school type by a binding teacher recommendation. Our …

primary school data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) to estimate classroom effects on mathematical and … and quality differences across the first grades of German primary school. One standard deviation increase in classroom …

primary school data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) to estimate classroom effects on mathematical and … and quality differences across the first grades of German primary school. One standard deviation increase in classroom …