The period from the 1950s to the late 1970s saw an almost uniform decline of cash-to-GDP ratios in industrial countries … incomes. Rising wages increased the burden of weekly wage payments in cash, and rising incomes made the average earner more … than revolutionary, however. So, even though the cash-to-GDP ratio declined in this period, absolute amounts of real cash …

area, directly or via the French wholesale bank. Second, a "bottom-up" approach can be built-up, where the cash holdings of … use of cash for transactional purpose. Bearing in mind that those various approaches do not always separate the hoarding … similarities and differences between those several methods sheds light on the French national demand for cash by giving hints on …

This paper empirically investigates whether individuals withhold a certain amount of cash for precautionary reasons at … the point-of-sale (POS) in order to be able to cover future transactions that might have to be paid for in cash. Such … being settled in cash declines significantly as the amount of cash available at one’s disposal decreases. This indicates …