international (and internal) migrants, both in terms of the ease of obtaining proficiency in the destination language and access to … linguistic enclaves, (2) the determinants of destination language proficiency among international migrants, based on a model (the …This paper provides a review of the research on the ‘economics of language' as applied to international migration. Its …

specialized occupations. Compared to non-migrants, immigrants receive more than twice the return for using English. Returns depend … crucially on speaking German well, thus excluding many first generation migrants and are found to occur particularly in service … occupations that involve international factor flows. In such occupations it is likely that migrants can apply complementary skills …

We estimate the effect of language training on subsequent employment and wages of immigrants under essential … heterogeneity. The identifying variation is based on regional differences in language training availability that we use to … into language training than immigrants with lower gains. We document up to 15% higher employment rates and 13% wage gains …

temporary migrants already in the country as sources of permanent immigration. An overview of key results in the literature on …