Without a school degree, students can have difficulty in the labor market. To improve the lives of upper-secondary school dropouts, German states instituted a school reform that awarded an interim degree to high-track students upon completion of Grade 9. Using retrospective spell data on school...

In January 2005, the ban on tuition in Germany has been declared unlawful. As a result, many 'Lander' developed plans to introduce tuition fees as soon as possible. It is shown in this paper, that the impact of tuition is very different among states. The willingness to pay varies not only by...