dynamics of liability of foreignness and generate opportunities for foreign companies to optimize their localization strategies … major foreign manufacturers. We find that most foreign producers have managed to overcome liabilities of foreignness in … advantages are more deeply rooted in the Western part of Germany and that foreign competitors find a more accessible competitive …

dynamics of liability of foreignness and generate opportunities for foreign companies to optimize their localization strategies … major foreign manufacturers. We find that most foreign producers have managed to overcome liabilities of foreignness in … advantages are more deeply rooted in the Western part of Germany and that foreign competitors find a more accessible competitive …

Heckman selection model to account for the self-selection of banks into different modes of foreign activities using an ordered … bank internationalization. Second, only a few non-financial firms engage in international trade, but many banks hold … nternational assets, and only a few large banks engage in foreign direct investment. Third, in addition to productivity, risk …