integrated economy, both relative to integration across the borders of the German state and in absolute terms. Second, this … barriers that divided Germany along natural trade routes into eastern and western parts. Third, internal integration improved …, while external integration worsened after World War I and again with the Great Depression, in part because of border changes …

-West border; political integration is not rapidly followed by economic integration. Instead, we estimate that it takes at least …

the federal member states. Integration and decentralization are not opposite policy strategies but both meaningful if the … approaches in inter- or supra-national integration, fiscal federalism and taxation do exist and have to be successfully …