This paper argues that the socialist episode in East Germany, which constituted a radical experiment in gender equality … in the labor market and other instances, has left persistent tracks on gender norms. We focus on one of the most … resilient and pervasive gender gaps in modern societies: mathematics. Using the German division as a natural experiment, we show …

This paper argues that the socialist episode in East Germany, which constituted a radical experiment in gender equality … in the labor market and other instances, has left persistent tracks on gender norms. We focus on one of the most … resilient and pervasive gender gaps in modern societies: mathematics. Using the German division as a natural experiment, we show …

significantly reduce the gender test score gap. A remaining gap of 14% of a standard deviation in test scores is unexplained …. -- Mathematics test score gap ; gender ; share of female teachers ; self-confidence …