In this paper we investigate whether differences exist among forecasts using real-time or latest-available data to predict gross domestic product (GDP). We employ mixed-frequency models and real-time data to reassess the role of survey data relative to industrial production and orders in...

The world economy has been struck by Covid-19 the same way people are struck by a lightning, fast and without warning, leaving nations out to dry on little to no reserves on their crucial supply side. Consequently, over the past year, economies shrunk, production drastically diminished, and...