savings compared with policies targeting at patent-protected drugs, although the latter account for more than halve of the … growths is counterbalanced by subgroups which in the end of their innovation cycle and a huge proportion of generic drugs … expenditure based on comprehensive policy measures and innovation cycle effects. Generics do contribute savings to a larger extent. …

This paper evaluates the impact of reference pricing on prices and co-payments in the (German) market for off-patent … pharmaceuticals. We present a theoretical model with price-sensitive and loyal consumers that shows that a decrease in the reference …