sharp rise in inflation. Applied to Germany and the euro area, the model suggests that the surge in inflation has mainly … been caused by commodity price shocks and supply bottlenecks, rather than shortages in the labour market. Inflation … future inflation rates. However, this prediction is based on the assumption that there will be no commodity price shocks and …

Potential links between inflation, (t), and unemployment, UE(t), in Germany have been examined. There exists a … negative relation between inflation and unemployment with the latter leading the former by one year: UE(t-1) = 1.50(t) + 0 ….116. Effectively, growing unemployment has resulted in decreasing inflation since 1971, i.e. for the period where GDP deflator …

The present paper uses survey data on expected consumer price developments to analyse the role of inflation … expectations in the inflation process. The survey measures of price expectations are derived from the European Commission … estimates of the New Keynesian inflation model presented here underscore the importance of inflation expectations for the short …