We propose a new patent-based measure of knowledge spillovers that calculates technological proximity based on firms … that were identified via patent backward citations links. We argue that this measure has a couple of advantages as compared … 'relevant' firms. Our empirical results indeed show that the measure performs better than the standard measure in an innovation …

on the basis of patent data was conducted and a weighted bivariate probit model was estimated on the citation probability … of industry and science on the basis of a combined sample of citing and cited patent pairs and an equal number of control … patent pairs. The empirical results suggest that there are considerable differences in the citation probability. Cultural …

Collaboration over distance is difficult to maintain in innovation projects which require a great deal of regional … collaboration. However, patent documents reveal that a number of inventor teams are able to overcome long distances. Earlier … literature started to investigate factors, which increase the probability of long-distance innovation co-operation. The paper at …

supports earlier literature on the importance of proximity in innovation. …