The role of universities in the system of innovation changed dramatically in the last fifty years. This observation is … in the GDR but did not guarantee the success of the system of innovation. This study examines the process of discipline … innovation. Employing the method of collective biography this study demonstrates that the scientific elites in east and west …

The role of universities in the system of innovation changed dramatically in the last fifty years. This observation is … in the GDR but did not guarantee the success of the system of innovation. This study examines the process of discipline … innovation. Employing the method of collective biography this study demonstrates that the scientific elites in east and west …

Compulsory licensing allows governments to license patented inventions without the consent of patent owners. Intended … new drugs, however, are theoretically ambiguous: Compulsory licensing may encourage innovation by increasing competition … or discourage innovation by reducing expected returns to R&D. Empirical evidence is rare, primarily because contemporary …

. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …, indicates patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) filed by research institutions grew faster than industry … patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric …