is exempt from federal labor law and discrimination clauses, which results in arbitrary, and in other cases …, institutional, forms of discrimination against particular social groups in society. Research has focused on the institutional …

present. The finding raises the question of whether establishment-level codetermination reduces gender wage discrimination or … the hypothesis that establishment-level codetermination reduces gender-specific wage discrimination. …Recent research has shown that the unexplained gender wage gap is smaller in establishments where a works council is …

migrant women in Germany. Considering the well-established evidence that immigrant women work less than natives, with statuses … market theory, and the less examined in German research cultural hypothesis. Migrant women's employment status is, in … be less reliable predictors of women's labor supply: higher education attained abroad is only marginally related to women …