Recent calls for reform of the rules of origin in preferential trade arrangements such as the GSP as well as in many free trade agreements between developed and developing countries have focused almost exclusively on the need to relax the requirements of these rules. Without fundamentally...

Free Trade Agreements between developed countries now frequently contain provisions on investor protection, but the resolution of disputes remains problematic. Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) allows investors to bring direct claims against a host State before an...

It is sometimes claimed that free trade agreements (FTAs) between large countries and smaller developing countries serve as "policy anchors" by acting as a mechanism for the smaller developing country to make credible commitments to policy reform which they might not otherwise make. Such policy...

The economic development process is a complex concept, much broader than the material growth model. The economic growth is a process of accumulation in terms of quantity and value, using a series of macroeconomic variables such as GDP, the real wages or the income per capita. Economic...

1. Indonesian Economy in Time of Covid: Surviving the Turmoil through Manufacturing Sector -- 2. Post-COVID Recovery: Harnessing Digital Platforms -- 3. A Better Match: Do technology gaps with foreign subsidiaries affect domestic firms’ productivity? Case Study of Indonesian Manufacturing --...