Although emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global economy. In many EMDEs, the room for monetary and fiscal policies to respond to...

Although emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global economy. In many EMDEs, the room for monetary and fiscal policies to respond to...

This study investigates whether trade openness has a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on economic growth for 88 middle income countries during the global economic crisis of 2007 to 2008. Vulnerability, the exposure to financial risk caused by a financial crisis and resilience referring to how...