This chapter discusses whether the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries are prone to be cursed or blessed by their natural resources endowments. It thus reviews the literature on the resource curse theory. The existence of a resource curse is discussed and arguments against advocates...

The influence of external debt on the environment is a rising issue in the rapidly developing climate crisis. This study analyzes the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions per capita, gross domestic product per capita and ecological footprint per capita by applying an autoregressive...