data on tariffs and trade covering 130 countries. We show that regionalism has delivered limited effective liberalization …

Governments in more developed economies partially compensate import-competing industries when world prices fall, i …-maker would respond to lower world prices by reducing tariff protection for an import-competing industry. An initial tariff that … in the world price of the importable good. …

towards later stages of development. Recently the US government has moved against the trend by imposing tariffs on China … Chinese government retaliated by introducing tariffs on US produced goods. For the time being, the result of this trade war on …

time, challenges to it have remained omnipresent.The latest of these challenges has manifested itself in increased tariffs … Second World War and of China during more recent decades as being the result of selective protection and industrial targeting …

effects of reducing tariffs and simultaneously replacing lost tariff revenues with revenues from consumption tax. It concludes …

currently applied tariffs are "too high," the implication being that there are still tariff reductions out there for an … agreement like the WTO to facilitate. These three areas include applied tariffs for countries that are not members of the WTO …, applied tariffs for WTO members that are unbound, and applied tariffs for WTO members set in the presence of large amounts of …

reduction in tariffs. It also identifies the influence of private interests in both situations. The paper considers competing …