(1975 - 2009). We find an increase in the growth rate of M1 during election months of about one tenth of a standard … is related to systemic vote buying which requires significant amounts of cash at election times. The finely timed …

increase in the growth rate of M1 during election months of about one tenth of a standard deviation. A similar effect can … neither be detected in established OECD democracies nor in the months leading up to the election. The effect is larger in … election month monetary expansion is demand driven and can be best explained by systemic vote buying. Systemic vote buying …

-related policy interventions. Taking the potential endogeneity of election timing into account, we find robust evidence of lower … indirect taxes being applied by incumbent governments in the period just prior to an election. Indirect tax revenue in election …

Rapid urbanization is transforming the developing world, but the political consequences of this transformation are not … politics in the developing world in coming decades …

being competitive, with competitive elections resulting in a negative impact on pre-election tax collection, split …