, brand value, data, and software. Often, innova-tion activities resulted in in-house developed software-based internet … platforms aimed at disrupting existing business models. A software-based internet platform consists of intellectual property in … software (source code and object code, standard and individu-al, front-end and back-end), know-how, data and the trademark …

. Platforms often limit these outside projects through restrictive licensing agreements. These are often thought to reflect market … restrictive licensing agreements that shut down the outside projects can increase social welfare, while in other cases they reduce …

are often owned by competing platforms, we observe cross-licensing contracts between them. Cross-licensing facilitates the … equal terms.Yet the economic literature has traditionally been worried for the anti-competitive effects of cross-licensing … rival's costs, leading to higher prices. Through a two-sided platform model, I show that positive royalties in cross-licensing …