The current level of competition in European commercial passenger rail markets is low and empirical data on customer … passenger rail by exploring the determinants of customers' choice behaviour on two cross-border routes, Cologne-Brussels and … outcome of intramodal competition, implying that entry is even more difficult than they predicted. -- Competition ; Passenger …

This study explores determinants of customer choice behaviour in passenger rail competition on two cross-border routes …, Cologne–Brussels and Cologne–Amsterdam. It fills a gap in the literature on competition in commercial passenger rail by … customer cards. Our results imply that entry into the commercial passenger rail market may be more difficult than often thought …