Schools often track students to classes based on ability. Proponents of tracking argue it is a low-cost tool to improve … tracking within schools for grades 4 through 8 over the years 2011-2019. We find substantial tracking; tracking within schools … overwhelms any sorting by ability that takes place across schools. The most important determinant of tracking is heterogeneity in …

fictitious families (heterosexual couple, single mother, and single father) and send e-mails to schools in which the family … point out that single-parent families still suffer from negative societal attitudes compared to heterosexual two …-parent families, while also being among the most vulnerable groups of society. Motivated by these findings, we study whether private …