District heating systems contribute with low primary energy supply in the energy system by providing heat from heat assets like combined heat and power, waste incineration, geothermal heat, wood waste, and industrial excess heat. These heat assets would otherwise be wasted or not used. Still,...

Biomass-fueled Organic Rankine Cycle power plants in a cogeneration topping layout have been operated in Central Europe since 2000. These plants are usually integrated into a district heating system and located near to the villages whose thermal and electric energy demands are to be covered. In...