This article presents a new conceptual framework for research into tax fraud and law enforcement. Informed by research approaches from across tax law, public economics, criminology, criminal justice, economics of crime, and regulatory theory, it assesses the effectiveness, and the legitimacy, of...

Similarly to the significant of the concept of permanent establishment (PE) for the purpose of income taxes rules, the relevance of the concept of fixed establishment (FE) for the VAT rules can hardly be overestimated. The term plays a central role, and is consistently relied upon by the...