This article analyses the so-called ‘rule of exhaustion of local remedies’ whereby a State must be given the opportunity to redress an alleged wrong within the framework of its own domestic legal system before its international responsibility can be called into question at the level of...

The article - to be published in Guibentif and Gonçalves (eds), Os novos territórios do direito: Globalização, europeização e transformação da regulação juridical, Coimbra : Almedina, 2006 or 2007 – explores a few elements of what may be labelled as the Europeanisation of Law –...

This article attempts to identify the role of the Union vis-à-vis (its) minorities after enlargement. Does the Union simply continue to take care of the remaining share of the tasks it provided during the enlargement decade or does it play a new part? In the former case theUnion would merely...

The notion of 'Administrative Authority' has several dimensions in EU law. From a functional perspective, administrative authority may be exercised according to three patterns: indirect administration by member states' governmental institutions - the typical Community pattern - direct...

There have been for fifty years two Europes: the Europe of the Council of Europe and the Europe of the European Union. Both organisations have grown, but their membership remains different. Both have developed international instruments for protecting Human Rights: on the one hand, the European...

This paper examines the main questions raised by the accession of the European Union to the Revised European Social Charter, under the new architecture of the Union provided by the Treaty establishing a European Constitution. The paper is divided in five parts. The historical background is...