The paper compares the German currency reform in 1948, the German monetary union in 1990, and the European currency union in 1999. Because of special national and international conditions the currency reform in 1948 was the starting point of West German economic prosperity. Under present, quite...

Euro coins have a common European side and an individual national side. Thanks to coin migration, coins bearing a panoply of national sides are in circulation throughout the euro area. In this paper, we model the mixing of coins circulating in the euro area countries and in particular the extent...