The notion of a defence Union has been played with since the beginning of the European integration. Despite hardships in deepening the integration further from that of the economy, the European Union has taken some significant steps regarding foreign and security policy from the early 1990's to...

We present new evidence about the relationship between military conflict and city population growth in Europe from the fall of Charlemagne's empire to the start of the Industrial Revolution. Military conflict was a main feature of European history. We argue that cities were safe harbors from...

Bei allen langlebigen Investitionsgütern – von Maschinen und Anlagen bis zu Rüstungsgütern – stellt die Sicherstellung der Wirtschaftlichkeit in Anschaffung und Betrieb über längere Nutzungszeiten eine wesentliche Herausforderung dar. Angesichts der angespannten Finanzlage öffentlicher...