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Two main approaches have been implemented in regional CO2 markets to address competitiveness and carbon leakage: output based allocation (Australia, California, New Zealand) and capacity based allocation (EU). This paper characterizes the best policy, given that auctioning with border adjustment...
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In this paper we estimate the effects of financialization on physical investment in selected western European countries …) and financial incomes on investment in fixed assets by the NFCs. This finding is robust for both the pool of all Western … companies' size: financial incomes crowd-out investment in large companies, and have a positive effect on the investment of only …
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frameworks to study investment pathways consistent with a net zero industry transformation. We find that a mix of measures … investment efforts needed for a green transition of the analyzed sectors1 amount to EUR2.7trn until 2050 of which 8% or EUR210bn … reduction for the European industrial sector is estimated at 265 MtCO2 (-92%), which yields an average abatement investment of …
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