As NATO expands eastward, Russia has expressed growing concerns over what it sees as a threat to its national security. At the same time Russia is transitioning to a market economy, with the aim of becoming a free trade partner with the West. The question of concern to European nations is; how...

In the absence of an international agreement on climate policy, unilateral carbon abatement creates two problems: It tends to have a detrimental effect on domestic competitiveness, and it leads to an increase in carbon emissions abroad (leakage). This paper analyses two policies that have...