The Central Banks around the world are commonly responsible for their exchange rate policies. During the 1990s it has been clear that the controllability of the exchange rates by the central banks' interventions is limited (McKinnon, 1993). When the underlying monetary reserves are bounded,...

Can fixed exchange rate regimes cause output divergence among member states? We show that such divergence is a long-run equilibrium characteristic of a two-region model with fixed exchange rates, heterogeneous labor markets, and endogenous growth. Under flexible exchange rates, monetary policy...