We analyse a panel of 25 European-countries to provide novel estimates of monthly own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities of natural-gas-demand from 2005 to 2020. We find that: first, there is an European Standard Behaviour (ESB) with a strong-seasonal component. Second, we identify...

Producers or consumers faced with an increase in taxes are usually able to shift parts of it to other levels in the value chain. We examine who is actually bearing the burden of increased energy taxes in the EU-area - consumers or exporters. Traditional tax incidence theory presumes spot...

Producers or consumers faced with an increase in taxes are usually able to shift parts of it to other levels in the value chain. We examine whos is actually bearing the burden of increased energy taxes in the EU-area - consumers or exporters. Traditional tax incidence theory presumes spot...

Producers or consumers faced with an increase in taxes are usually able to shift parts of it to other levels in the value chain. We examine who is actually bearing the burden of increased energy taxes in the EU-area - consumers or exporters. Traditional tax incidence theory presumes spot...