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‘performed' R&D and ‘extra-mural' R&D, and focuses on R&D productivity and patent quality as key indicators of innovation. The … performance in patent quality and sales; (b) government expenditure on R&D and extra-mural R&D drive international patent … collaboration, and (c) the latter is a crucial determinant of patent quality …
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This paper provides an empirical assessment of the effect of national and international knowledge spillovers on innovation at a finely defined sectoral level for six major industrialised countries over the period 1981-1995. International spillovers are always found to be effective in increasing...
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