This paper introduces a theory-based equivalence scale for public in-kind transfers, which justifies comparison of …, education and childcare expenditure on estimates of income inequality and poverty for 24 European countries. The empirical … results show significant effects of public in-kind transfers on the level of income inequality and poverty for all countries …

affected the income position of high-income pensioners. However, also the structure of public pension benefits had a poverty …

Dual or multiple earnership has been considered an important factor to prevent in-work poverty. The aim of this paper … is to quantify the impact of second earnership on the risk of in-work poverty and the role of the tax-benefit systems in … in preventing in-work poverty. This is done by simulating a counterfactual scenario where second earners become …

There has not been much progress on the poverty front in Europe over recent decades, at least if we take it as a …. Some argue that adequate poverty relief is simply too expensive or that it would put too much of a redistributive burden on … floors and thus out-of-work benefit levels are inexorably under pressure, making poverty relief both harder to achieve and …