Italy and Turkey over the last decade entered a process of progressive increase in foreign direct investment (FDI …. We consider the heterogeneity of both MNEs and domestic firms (global engagement, firm and sector dimension, productivity … also a negative impact for firms with a higher technology gap if the foreign firm share in the sector increases. For Turkey …

R&D output to capture the contribution of R&D (direct and spilled-over) to regional productivity at the industry level …. The results suggest that interregional knowledge spillovers and their productivity effects are to a substantial degree …) produce interregional knowledge spillovers that have positive and highly significant productivity effects. The study, moreover …

foreign investment as a share of GDP in the recent global history, and this has contributed to productivity convergence. We …