Patents on biomedical research tools - technological inputs to experimentation - may inhibit scientific inquiry and the … argues that institutions that fund and support biomedical research are resorting to an underappreciated model of private … ordering to resolve research holdup. Increasingly, federal and state agencies, universities, non-profits, and disease advocacy …

begins by clarifying the role of citation analysis in the evaluation of research. Next, a summary of results about the … novel methodology for the evaluation of research units is illustrated by comparing the high- and low-citation impact … other topics subject to ongoing research, it appears that this lack of universality does not preclude sensible normalization …