Competition between ports depends on inland freight distribution and the spatial structure of the hinterland. With this, ports and port regions increasingly compete to serve distant hinterlands. In a European context, many researchers refer to the agglomeration of economic activity in the...

The competitive position of sea ports depends on their capability to forward incoming cargo from overseas to its final destination. Such capability is associated with the hinterland connectivity of the sea port. Hinterland connectivity of a port is mostly treated as a local indicator, describing...