This paper aims at assessing whether dualistic mechanisms represent a significant component of the aggregate labor productivity convergence observed across the European regions in the 1980s. The potential of an explanation of convergence based in part, at least, on the existence of dualism in...

This paper examines the drivers, and reestimates the size of shadow economies in Europe, with a focus on the emerging economies, and recommends policies to increase formality. The size of shadow economies declined across Europe in recent years but remains significant, especially in Eastern...