The paper examines the theory of horizontal effect of fundamental rights and freedoms, known also as Drittwirkung. It introduces relevant doctrines in Germany and Poland in order to then focus on the EU theory shaped in the case law of the European Court of Justice, most notably in the landmark...

This paper analyzes the impact of economic freedom along with traditional economic factors on economic growth for a panel of European countries. The growth of the gross domestic product was observed over a twenty-year time period on a sample of 43 developing and developed countries. Based on a...